Melittin is an antibiotic, is from Penicillium medium distill the molecules containing penicillanic, can destroy bacteria’s cell wall and the breeding of bacteria cells from the bactericidal effect of a class of antibiotics, is the first kinds of antibiotics to treat human diseases. Penicillin antibiotics are β-lactam antibiotics in the general term for a large class. But it can not tolerate drug-resistant strains (such as drug-resistant staphylococcus aureus) produced by enzymes, easily its destruction, and its narrow antibacterial spectrum, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria effectively. There potassium penicillin G, sodium salt of the points, not only can not direct intravenous injection of potassium, intravenous infusion, should be carefully calculated amount of potassium ions, into the human body in order to avoid inhibition of the formation of hyperkalemia and cardiac function, resulting in death.
Structure
Melittin is a 26 amino acid peptide, molecular weight 2840, the primary structure of the amino acid sequence of the NH2-GLY-ILE-GLY-ALA-VAL-LEU-LYS-VAL-LEU-THR- THR-GLY-LEU-PRO-ALA-LEU-ILE-SER-TRP-ILE-LYS-ARG-LYS-ARG-GLN-GLN-COOH.Under normal circumstances, C-terminal four residues of positively charged amino acid, N-terminal amino acid residues with two positively charged, the positively charged molecule with six. Bee venom peptide from the N-terminal first 20 amino acid residues are mainly hydrophobic, C-terminal six amino acid residues are mainly hydrophilic. Three molecules of lysine and two arginine residues make it strongly alkaline peptide. In neutral aqueous solution, melittin as a monomer based on the existence of random coil structure, and as pH and ionic strength increased, melittin self-cross-linked to form a helical tetrameric structure. Recent studies have found a different solution in the spiral structure of melittin in the regional and inter-helix angle is different. Spiral structure in the first 21 amino acids are polar, in the spiral surface, rather than the polar amino acids in the spiral on the other side. The amphiphilic (am-phiphilie) is a membrane-bound peptides and membrane protein transmembrane helix characteristics. Therefore, this feature can either decide melittin soluble in water, but also natural combination with the membrane, and then dissolved cells.
Mechanism of drug
Carcinogenic factors, antibiotics, toxic auxiliary small, due to β-lactams act on bacterial cell wall, but only the human cell membrane without cell wall, so less toxic to humans, can cause severe allergic reactions in addition, the dosage in the general , its toxicity was not significant. is the index of the largest antibiotic chemotherapy. But its an allergic reaction to penicillin in a variety of common drugs in the first place, the incidence of up to 5% to 10%, skin reactions, the performance of rash, angioedema, the most severe cases of anaphylactic shock, and more after the injection occurred within a few minutes, symptoms of dyspnea, cyanosis, hypotension, coma, limb rigidity, and finally convulsions, rescue is not in a timely manner can result in death. Route of administration or application of a variety of agents can cause anaphylactic shock, but the highest incidence of injection drug use. Incidence of allergic reactions and dose size. Highly allergic to the product, although a trace amount can also cause shock. Into the body can cause epilepsy. Prolonged high-dose injection of toxic central nervous system (such as cause convulsions, coma, etc.), stopping or reducing the dose can be resumed.
Use
Use of the product must do first skin test. Penicillin allergy skin test, including test methods (referred to as penicillin skin test) and in vitro test methods, in which intradermal injection of more accurate picture. Skin test itself has some risk, about 25% of anaphylactic shock and death of the patient died of skin test. So when the skin test or injection should be for adequate emergency preparations. In switching to a different batch of penicillin, they need to redo the skin test. Injection, the skin test were unstable, with freshly prepared better. But also for self-renal excretion, renal dysfunction, the dose should be adjusted appropriately. In addition, topical application of allergens opportunities, and easy to produce drug-resistant bacteria, it is not recommended.
Note
Penicillin antibiotics are β-lactam antibiotics in the general term for a large class, because β-lactams act on bacterial cell wall, but only the human cell membrane without cell wall, so less toxic to humans, can cause severe allergies in addition to responses, in general usage, its toxicity is not obvious, but it can not tolerate the drug-resistant strains (such as drug-resistant staphylococcus aureus) produced by enzymes, easily its destruction, and its narrow antibacterial spectrum, mainly against Gram- s positive bacteria effectively. There potassium penicillin G, sodium salt of the points, not only can not direct intravenous injection of potassium, intravenous infusion, should be carefully calculated amount of potassium ions, into the human body in order to avoid inhibition of the formation of hyperkalemia and cardiac function, resulting in death. The toxicity of penicillin is very small, is the largest index of antibiotic chemotherapy. But its an allergic reaction to penicillin in a variety of common drugs in the first place, the incidence of up to 5% to 10%, skin reactions, the performance of rash, angioedema, the most severe cases of anaphylactic shock, and more after the injection occurred within a few minutes, symptoms of dyspnea, cyanosis, hypotension, coma, limb rigidity, and finally convulsions, rescue is not in a timely manner can result in death. Route of administration or application of a variety of agents can cause anaphylactic shock, but the highest incidence of injection drug use. Incidence of allergic reactions and dose size. Highly allergic to the product, although a trace amount can also cause shock. Into the body can cause epilepsy. Prolonged high-dose injection of toxic central nervous system (such as cause convulsions, coma, etc.), stopping or reducing the dose can be resumed.
Structure
Melittin is a 26 amino acid peptide, molecular weight 2840, the primary structure of the amino acid sequence of the NH2-GLY-ILE-GLY-ALA-VAL-LEU-LYS-VAL-LEU-THR- THR-GLY-LEU-PRO-ALA-LEU-ILE-SER-TRP-ILE-LYS-ARG-LYS-ARG-GLN-GLN-COOH.Under normal circumstances, C-terminal four residues of positively charged amino acid, N-terminal amino acid residues with two positively charged, the positively charged molecule with six. Bee venom peptide from the N-terminal first 20 amino acid residues are mainly hydrophobic, C-terminal six amino acid residues are mainly hydrophilic. Three molecules of lysine and two arginine residues make it strongly alkaline peptide. In neutral aqueous solution, melittin as a monomer based on the existence of random coil structure, and as pH and ionic strength increased, melittin self-cross-linked to form a helical tetrameric structure. Recent studies have found a different solution in the spiral structure of melittin in the regional and inter-helix angle is different. Spiral structure in the first 21 amino acids are polar, in the spiral surface, rather than the polar amino acids in the spiral on the other side. The amphiphilic (am-phiphilie) is a membrane-bound peptides and membrane protein transmembrane helix characteristics. Therefore, this feature can either decide melittin soluble in water, but also natural combination with the membrane, and then dissolved cells.
Mechanism of drug
Carcinogenic factors, antibiotics, toxic auxiliary small, due to β-lactams act on bacterial cell wall, but only the human cell membrane without cell wall, so less toxic to humans, can cause severe allergic reactions in addition, the dosage in the general , its toxicity was not significant. is the index of the largest antibiotic chemotherapy. But its an allergic reaction to penicillin in a variety of common drugs in the first place, the incidence of up to 5% to 10%, skin reactions, the performance of rash, angioedema, the most severe cases of anaphylactic shock, and more after the injection occurred within a few minutes, symptoms of dyspnea, cyanosis, hypotension, coma, limb rigidity, and finally convulsions, rescue is not in a timely manner can result in death. Route of administration or application of a variety of agents can cause anaphylactic shock, but the highest incidence of injection drug use. Incidence of allergic reactions and dose size. Highly allergic to the product, although a trace amount can also cause shock. Into the body can cause epilepsy. Prolonged high-dose injection of toxic central nervous system (such as cause convulsions, coma, etc.), stopping or reducing the dose can be resumed.
Use
Use of the product must do first skin test. Penicillin allergy skin test, including test methods (referred to as penicillin skin test) and in vitro test methods, in which intradermal injection of more accurate picture. Skin test itself has some risk, about 25% of anaphylactic shock and death of the patient died of skin test. So when the skin test or injection should be for adequate emergency preparations. In switching to a different batch of penicillin, they need to redo the skin test. Injection, the skin test were unstable, with freshly prepared better. But also for self-renal excretion, renal dysfunction, the dose should be adjusted appropriately. In addition, topical application of allergens opportunities, and easy to produce drug-resistant bacteria, it is not recommended.
Note
Penicillin antibiotics are β-lactam antibiotics in the general term for a large class, because β-lactams act on bacterial cell wall, but only the human cell membrane without cell wall, so less toxic to humans, can cause severe allergies in addition to responses, in general usage, its toxicity is not obvious, but it can not tolerate the drug-resistant strains (such as drug-resistant staphylococcus aureus) produced by enzymes, easily its destruction, and its narrow antibacterial spectrum, mainly against Gram- s positive bacteria effectively. There potassium penicillin G, sodium salt of the points, not only can not direct intravenous injection of potassium, intravenous infusion, should be carefully calculated amount of potassium ions, into the human body in order to avoid inhibition of the formation of hyperkalemia and cardiac function, resulting in death. The toxicity of penicillin is very small, is the largest index of antibiotic chemotherapy. But its an allergic reaction to penicillin in a variety of common drugs in the first place, the incidence of up to 5% to 10%, skin reactions, the performance of rash, angioedema, the most severe cases of anaphylactic shock, and more after the injection occurred within a few minutes, symptoms of dyspnea, cyanosis, hypotension, coma, limb rigidity, and finally convulsions, rescue is not in a timely manner can result in death. Route of administration or application of a variety of agents can cause anaphylactic shock, but the highest incidence of injection drug use. Incidence of allergic reactions and dose size. Highly allergic to the product, although a trace amount can also cause shock. Into the body can cause epilepsy. Prolonged high-dose injection of toxic central nervous system (such as cause convulsions, coma, etc.), stopping or reducing the dose can be resumed.
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