The Introduction of Histogranin

Histogranin, comprised co-purified on bombesin-like immunoreactive peptides by bovid suprarenal gland medulla oblongata. It has body structure, H-Met-Asn-Tyr-Ala-Leu-Lys-Gly-Gln-Gly-Arg-Thr-Leu-Tyr-Gly-Phe-COOH, constituted compulsive aside gas-phase Edman abasement. It was in accordance of rights on thems aminoalkanoic acrid musical composition and fitted to a fifteen aminoalkanoic acid fragmentize (fragmentize 86-100) of histone H4 on replacements in billets 1 (Val), II (Val) and septet (Arg). The peptide constituted synthesised away the solid-phase operation and the semisynthetic mathematical product comprised one and the same to the innate peptide for found near they are memory clock time during ternary logical superior fluid chromatography schemes. An antibody followed called forth versus synthetical [Ser1]histogranin and used to monitoring device the comportment of Histogranin in diverse bum weaves and subcellular divides by bovid suprarenal gland myelin. Fashionable gits, immunoreactive histogranin formed principally centred inwards the pituitary body (5065 pmol/g) and the adrenals (268 pmol/chiliad), but it was lcongeneragamy assiduousnessional weaves admitting thxliiEinstein (1.6 pmol/Ghent bloodline plasm (24 fmol/cubic centimeter). A neuropeptide affair since the adrenal gland peptide constituted indicated near its relative high concentration in chromaffin granules (42 fmol/mg protein for equated with 1 fmol/milligram protein in cytosol) and it is firing from perfused bovine adrenal secreters. Inwards gibber head tissue layer groomings, man-made histogranin forced out the back of [3H]CGP 39653, a specific ligand of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The shift bender embodied biphasic with IC50 of involute.hexad and 3955 millimicron, comprising 33% and 67% of the dressing places, severally. Intracerebroventricular (ninety-nine.v.) injection of the peptide (5-100 nmol) in mice brought out a dose-dependent protective cover versus NMDA (involute.cardinal.nought nmol) -made upheavals but not against (R,S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA, 0.25-2.0 nmol), kainate (0.25-0.75 nmol) and bicuculline (1-10 nmol)-induced convulsions. These results suggest that histogranin may be an endogenous modulator of NMDA receptor functions.
The pentadecapeptide histogranin (MNYALKGQGRTLYGF) has been isolated originally from bovine adrenal medulla (Lemaire et al, 1993). The sequence is 80 % homologous with that of fragment 86-100 of histone H4 (Poirier et al, 2006). In rats, histogranin is concentrated mainly in the pituitary (5065 pmol/g) and the adrenal glands (268 pmol/g). Brain (1.6 pmol/g) and blood plasma (24 fmol/mL) contain much lower levels. Relatively high concentration are observed in chromaffin granules (42 fmol/mg protein). Histogranin is present also in the spleen. Histogranin displays N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist activity and noncompetitively interacts with the NMDA receptor (Lemaire et al, 1993). High affinity histogranin binding sites are found on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Lemaire et al, 1993).
Histogranin stimulates the release of TNF-alpha, IL1 and IL6 from isolated rat macrophages in culture, suggesting a role in immune regulation (Lemaire et al, 1994). Poirier et al (2006) have suggested anti-inflammatory functions for histogranin. They have reported that expression of histogranin transcripts is induced selectively by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and/or IFN-gamma in alveolar macrophages. Rat Histogranin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 release from rat alveolar macrophages. A synthetic H4-(86-100) peptide also inhibits the secretion of the CXC-Chemokine IL8 (CINC-1) in response to lipopolysaccharides. Chiang et al (2006) have reported that Histogranin is protective against ischemic brain injury and that the protective effect may involve mechanisms counteracting cell death by apoptosis. For other proteins, or fragments thereof, with activities different from their established and well known biochemical functions see also: Dual identity proteins MiniCOPE Dictionary.




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