The introduction of Adjuvant Peptides

Fragments of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan, murein, have long been known to have potent adjuvant properties. Synthetic versions of these molecules and murein-derived components are known as adjuvant Peptides.Johannsen L et al., In 1989 describes the properties of small cell wall monomers (muramyl peptides) that cause a number of short-term effects in vivo and in vitro .

The most studied of these molecules was muramyl dipeptide (adjuvant peptide, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanine-D-isoglutamine [MDP]), the minimum active subunit of bacterial peptidoglycan. However, other muramyl peptides that contain 1,6-anhydromuramyl residues were reported to have greater potency as an adjuvant peptides. The acute effects of muramyl peptides include rupture of the blood-aqueous humor, arthritis, cytotoxicity and slow wave sleep. That the monomers of the cell wall can cause sleep has attracted great interest because it explains a major side effect of infection apathy. More controversial has been suggested that muramyl peptides play a role in the sleep of healthy people 1,2,3.
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